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Italian unification

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Italian unification  ( Italian :  Unità d'Italia   [uniˈta ddiˈtaːlja] ), also known as the  Risorgimento  ( / r ɪ ˌ s ɔːr dʒ ɪ ˈ m ɛ n t oʊ / ,  Italian:  [risordʒiˈmento] ; meaning "the Resurgence"), was the political and social movement that consolidated  different states  of the  Italian peninsula  into the single state of the  Kingdom of Italy  in the 19th century. The process began in 1815 with the  Congress of Vienna  and was completed in 1871 when  Rome  became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. [1] [2] The term, which also designates the cultural, political and social movement that promoted unification, recalls the  romantic ,  nationalist  and  patriotic  ideals of an Italian renaissance through the conquest of a unified political identity that, by sinking its ancient roots during the Roman period, "suffered an abrupt halt [or loss] of its political unity in 476 A...
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A Story of JOKER

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The  Joker  is a  supervillain  created by  Bill Finger ,  Bob Kane , and  Jerry Robinson  who first appeared in the debut issue of the  comic book   Batman  (April 25, 1940), published by  DC Comics . Credit for the Joker's creation is disputed; Kane and Robinson claimed responsibility for the Joker's design while acknowledging Finger's writing contribution. Although the Joker was planned to be killed off during his initial appearance, he was spared by editorial intervention, allowing the character to endure as the archenemy of the superhero  Batman . In his comic book appearances, the Joker is portrayed as a criminal mastermind. Introduced as a  psychopath  with a warped, sadistic sense of humor, the character became a goofy prankster in the late 1950s in response to regulation by the  Comics Code Authority , before returning to his darker roots during the early 1970s. As Batman's nemesis, the Joker has...
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Unification of Germany

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The  unification of Germany  into a politically and administratively integrated  nation state  officially occurred on 18 January 1871, in the  Hall of Mirrors  at the  Palace of Versailles  in France. Princes of the German states, excluding Austria, gathered there to proclaim  William I  of  Prussia  as  German Emperor  after the French capitulation in the  Franco-Prussian War . Unofficially, the  de facto  transition of most of the German-speaking populations into a federated organization of states had been developing for some time through alliances formal and informal between princely rulers, but in fits and starts. The self-interests of the various parties hampered the process over nearly a century of autocratic experimentation, beginning in the era of the  Napoleonic Wars , which prompted the dissolution of the  Holy Roman Empire  in 1806, and the subsequent rise of  German nati...
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