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JAMES MITCHELL TOUR جيمس ميتشل تور

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James M. Tour  is an American  synthetic   organic chemist , specializing in  nanotechnology . Tour is the T. T. and W. F. Chao Professor of Chemistry, Professor of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and Professor of Computer Science at  Rice University  in  Houston ,  Texas ,  United States . Tour received degrees from  Syracuse University  (BS, 1981),  Purdue University  (PhD, 1986) and completed postdoctoral work at the  University of Wisconsin–Madison  (1986–1987) and  Stanford University  (1987–1988). Career He worked in  molecular electronics  and molecular switching molecules. Tour's work on carbon materials chemistry is broad and encompasses fullerene purification, [2] [3]  composites, [4] [5]  conductive inks for radio frequencies identification tags, [6] [7]  carbon nanoreporters for identifying oil downhole, [8] [9]  graphene synthesis from cookies...
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Yield spread or Credit spread

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In  finance , the  yield spread  or  credit spread  is the difference between the quoted rates of return on two different investments, usually of different credit qualities but similar maturities. It is often an indication of the  risk premium  for one investment product over another. The phrase is a compound of  yield  and  spread . The "yield spread of X over Y" is generally the annualized percentage  yield to maturity  (YTM) of  financial instrument  X minus the YTM of financial instrument Y. There are several measures of yield spread relative to a benchmark  yield curve , including interpolated spread ( I-spread ), zero-volatility spread ( Z-spread ), and  option-adjusted spread  (OAS). It is also possible to define a yield spread between two different maturities of otherwise comparable bonds. For example, if a certain bond with a 10-year maturity yields 8% and a comparable bond from the same...
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A Story of JOKER

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The  Joker  is a  supervillain  created by  Bill Finger ,  Bob Kane , and  Jerry Robinson  who first appeared in the debut issue of the  comic book   Batman  (April 25, 1940), published by  DC Comics . Credit for the Joker's creation is disputed; Kane and Robinson claimed responsibility for the Joker's design while acknowledging Finger's writing contribution. Although the Joker was planned to be killed off during his initial appearance, he was spared by editorial intervention, allowing the character to endure as the archenemy of the superhero  Batman . In his comic book appearances, the Joker is portrayed as a criminal mastermind. Introduced as a  psychopath  with a warped, sadistic sense of humor, the character became a goofy prankster in the late 1950s in response to regulation by the  Comics Code Authority , before returning to his darker roots during the early 1970s. As Batman's nemesis, the Joker has...
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